System and method for controlling power consumption of an in vivo device

ABSTRACT

A method and device may control energy consumption of in an in vivo imaging device by determining or estimating an amount of energy needed to capture images at a frame rate until a complete passage of the device through a predetermined region of the gastrointestinal tract, and alter or limit the frame capture rate accordingly.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Devices and methods for performing in vivo imaging of passages orcavities within a body are well known in the art. Such devices mayinclude, inter alia, endoscopic imaging systems and devices, forexample, an in vivo capsule, for performing imaging in various internalbody cavities.

For it to be swallowable, an autonomous in vivo capsule must not exceeda certain girth and length, which in turn may limit the space availablefor the capsule components including its energy source. The limitationon the size of the energy source may translate into a limitation on thepower available for the operation of the capsule.

The passage of an autonomous in vivo capsule through the peristalsis ofthe gastrointestinal (GI) tract may take several hours. A propelledcapsule may complete the passage in a shorter time, but may require moreenergy to do it. Furthermore, the capsule may travel for several hoursduring the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches a region ofinterest, for example, the colon. It is important to ensure that uponreaching the region of interest, the capsule's energy source can providesufficient energy for the operation of the capsule during the passagethrough the region of interest and at a desired rate of operation, suchas a desired frame capture rate.

While traveling inside the body, the imaging device may capture imagesof, for example, surfaces of the intestine and may transfer the capturedimages at a fixed frame rate, continuously, to an image recorder outsidethe body to be analyzed by a physician. The device may move unevenlyinside the passages or cavities of the body. For example, an in vivocapsule passing through a GI tract may be moving “slowly” in some partof the GI tract, and at some point of time and/or position may start tomove “rapidly”. If the in vivo device is capturing images at a fixedtime interval, a physician performing diagnosis of the patient mayreceive fewer images for that part of the GI tract as a result of thissudden change in the movement of capsule.

Various methods may be used to control the rate of images being capturedby the imaging device and/or transferred to a receiver or recorder. Theimaging device may increase or decrease the rate of image capturing andthe corresponding rate of frames being sent by the device.

However, when the rate of image capture and transmission is increased,so too is the power consumption. In some cases, variable transmissionrates that are too high may deplete the power resources of the device.If the energy resources are depleted before the device is expelled fromthe body, regions of the GI tract may not be imaged.

SUMMARY

A method and device may control energy consumption of in an in vivoimaging device by determining or estimating an amount of energy neededto capture images at a frame rate until the passage of the devicethrough a predetermined region of the GI tract, and alter or limit theframe capture rate accordingly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from thefollowing detailed description of various embodiments of the invention,taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an in vivo imaging systemaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph of cumulative energy usage over time according to oneembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 3 is a simplified flowchart illustration of a method of performingframe rate control by an in vivo imaging device according to anembodiment of the invention.

It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration,elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale.For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggeratedrelative to other elements for clarity.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the presentinvention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the artthat the present invention may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, andcomponents have not been described in detail so as not to obscure thepresent invention.

Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to an in vivodevice that may be inserted into a body lumen, e.g., the GI tract, forexample, from outside the body. Some embodiments are directed to atypically one time use or partially single use detection and/or analysisdevice. Some embodiments are directed to a typically swallowable in vivodevice that may passively or actively progress through a body lumen,e.g., the GI tract, for example, pushed along by natural peristalsis orby magnetic or mechanic propulsion. Some embodiments are directed to invivo sensing devices that may be passed through other body lumens, forexample, through blood vessels, the reproductive tract, or the like. Thein vivo device may be, for example, a sensing device, an imaging device,a diagnostic device, a detection device, an analysis device, atherapeutic device, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, thein vivo device may include an image sensor or an imager and/or othersuitable components. Some embodiments of the present invention may bedirected to other imaging devices, not necessarily in vivo imaging.

Devices, systems and methods according to some embodiments of thepresent invention, including for example in vivo sensing devices,receiving systems and/or display systems, may be similar to embodimentsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,531 to Iddan et al., entitled “In vivoVideo Camera System”, and/or in U.S. Pat. No. 7,009,634 to Iddan et al.,entitled “Device for In vivo Imaging”, all of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety. Devices, systems andmethods according to some embodiments of the present invention, may besimilar to or incorporate embodiments described in PCT PatentApplication Publication Number WO2006059331, entitled “TWO-WAYCOMMUNICATION IN AN AUTONOMOUS IN VIVO DEVICE”, incorporated byreference herein in its entirety, which discloses an autonomous in vivosensing device that includes an in vivo transceiver to both transmitwireless signals to for example an external receiver, and to receivewireless signals from for example an external transmitter. Devices,systems and methods according to some embodiments of the presentinvention, may be similar to the commercial PillCam® SB2 or PillCam®Colon capsules and the associated data recorders and RAPID® workstationof the common assignee. The application further discloses that wirelesssignals received by the in vivo transceiver may be or may includecommand or control signals that may activate, de-activate or alter anoperational state of one or more functions of the in vivo device. Thewireless signals transmitted by the in vivo transceiver may be orinclude sensory data such as for example image data that may becollected by the in vivo sensing device.

Devices and systems as described herein may have other configurationsand/or sets of components. For example, an external receiver/recorderunit, a processor and a monitor, e.g., in a workstation, such as thosedescribed in the above mentioned publications, may be suitable for usewith some embodiments of the present invention. The present inventionmay be practiced using an endoscope, needle, stent, catheter, etc. Somein vivo devices may be capsule shaped, or may have other shapes, forexample, a peanut shape or tubular, spherical, conical, or othersuitable shapes.

Embodiments of the invention include a device and method for controllingenergy consumption of in an in vivo imaging device (e.g., a swallowablecapsule). A minimal amount of energy needed to operate the in vivoimaging device, e.g. capture image frames at a minimum non-zero framerate until the complete passage of the device through at least apredetermined anatomical region of the GI tract and transmit the imagesto a receiving device, may be determined. A non-zero frame rate mayinclude a fixed or variable non-zero frame capture rate. The non-zerorate may be determined according to several frame rate parameters suchas speed of the imaging device, the organ or anatomical section orregion of the body lumen which is being imaged, the motility of the bodylumen, etc. The minimal frame rate may be predetermined, for example setto 4 frames per second or 48 frames per minute, or may be selectedaccording to one or more frame rate parameters.

In some embodiments, the complete passage time of the device through atleast a predetermined anatomical region of the GI tract may be estimatedor calculated. For example, a maximum duration of the passage of thedevice through the entire length of the body passage to be imaged may beestimated. In one example, the complete passage time of the in vivodevice through the body lumen anatomical region may be estimated as 10hours for a colon imaging procedure, and 9 hours for a small bowelimaging procedure. In some embodiments, the complete passage time of thedevice through the anatomical region intended for imaging may becalculated on-the-fly based on image data or position data received fromthe in vivo imaging device. Other passage durations may be determined,for example tuned according to the patient's symptoms or suspectedpathological condition. The complete passage time of the device throughat least a predetermined anatomical region of the GI tract or themaximum duration of the passage of the device through the entire lengthmay be pre-set or known beforehand. For example, a device or a systemmay have such values pre-set, and this pre-set value may control thedeterminations of the energy needed.

The “minimal” amount of energy may be the amount of energy needed (orestimated or calculated to be needed) to complete the in vivo imagingprocedure through a path, and thus in some embodiments may be themaximum amount of energy needed (or estimated or calculated to beneeded) to complete the task of capturing the images at a certainminimal frame rate. The minimal amount of energy required may includeenergy for one or more operations of the imaging device required forcompleting the imaging procedure through a body lumen, for example,energy required for capturing image frames, illuminating theillumination sources for capturing the images, transmitting the imagesto an external receiving device, and controlling the in vivo imagingdevice, and/or performing other functions. An operating frame rate maybe determined that uses an amount of energy from the device power supplyso that the available energy remaining in the device power supply isgreater than or equal to the minimal amount of energy. The in vivodevice may be caused to or controlled to capture images at a rate thatis less than or equal to the operating frame rate.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include, for example, aswallowable in vivo device. In other embodiments, an in vivo device neednot be swallowable and/or autonomous and may be remotely controllable ornavigated, e.g., via magnets, and may have other shapes orconfigurations. Some embodiments may be used in various body lumens, forexample, the GI tract, blood vessels, the urinary tract, thereproductive tract, or the like.

Embodiments of the in vivo device may be self-contained and may beautonomous or controllable (e.g., via magnetic maneuvering). Forexample, the in vivo device may be or may include a capsule or otherunit where all the components are substantially contained within acontainer, housing or shell, and where the in vivo device does notrequire any wires or cables to, for example, receive power or transmitinformation. The in vivo device may communicate with an externalreceiving and display system to provide display of data, control, orother functions. For example, power may be provided by an internalbattery or an internal energy or power source, or using a wired orwireless power-receiving system. Other embodiments may have otherconfigurations and capabilities. For example, components may bedistributed over multiple sites or units; and control information orother information may be received from an external source.

Devices, systems and methods in accordance with some embodiments of theinvention may be used, for example, in conjunction with a device whichmay be inserted into a human body or swallowed by a person. However,embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard, and may beused, for example, in conjunction with a device which may be insertedinto, or swallowed by, a non-human body or an animal body. Otherembodiments of the invention need not be used with in vivo imagingdevices.

Embodiments of the present invention may describe a system and methodfor monitoring the device power and energy usage and controlling theframe capture rate based thereon to for example ensure a sufficientamount of useable energy is maintained to complete image capture by thedevice along a complete body passage (other embodiments need notcomplete the image capture along a complete passage). Capture along acomplete body passage may include imaging the entire length of the GItract, an anatomical sub-region of the GI tract, e.g., the small bowelor colon, a region ending near where the capsule is expelled from thebody, or any other predetermined length or region of the body.

An imaging device may have a power source, such as, one or morebatteries or power cells, with a limited or finite amount of availablepower. The available power may be depleted over time by the degrading ofchemicals while the device is in storage. The available power may alsobe used to operate the device. For example, to capture each image frame,the device typically operates illumination sources, an imager, atransmitter or a transceiver, a processor, and/or other components, eachof which uses power from the power source. For a given distance or timeinterval, as the frame rate increases, the number of frames captured pertime unit increases and thus, the greater the amount of energy used pertime unit to capture frames. The frame rate used by the device mayincrease, for example, based on an analysis of images, for example basedon degree of similarity between sequential frames, detection ofpathology in frames, the device's speed or a degree of accelerationand/or rotation. For example, when it is determined that the device isstationary, the frame rate may substantially decrease, and when movementis detected the frame rate may increase according to a detected degreeof acceleration. The frame rate may increase when it is determined thatthe device has reached a segment or organ of interest. For example, in acolon imaging procedure, the frame rate may be lower while the device iscapturing images in the stomach and the small bowel, and the frame ratemay increase when the device passes the cecum. Similarly, the frame ratemay decrease when the device is capturing images in areas which are ofless importance for the current examination procedure. In conventionaldevices, the cumulative energy required to capture frames at the optimalframe rate may exceed the total available or useable energy of the powersource, e.g., if the passage has a large degree of redness or bleedingcausing the frame rate to increase. In such a case, the device power maybe depleted quickly, and the device cannot continue to take images andmay leave entire regions of the body passage undocumented.

Embodiments of the invention include limiting the frame rate so that theenergy used to capture images does not deplete the energy needed tocapture image frames until the device has captured the entire length ofthe desired passageway. For example, an energy reserve is maintainedthat ensures complete capture of the images along substantially theentire length of the body passage or the organ of interest in theprocedure. As the device progresses through the body, less distanceremains until the end, and less time, and thus fewer images are neededto complete image capture for the entirety of the passage. Thus, theenergy reserve may decrease over time as the device passes through thebody. In one embodiment, the energy reserve is calculated so that thedevice has sufficient energy to capture frames at no less than apredetermined minimal frame rate until the end of the body passage (orup until some desired point prior to the end). A value for the energyreserve may be continually or repeatedly calculated and updated so thatat any given point along the passage, the target reserve allows for thecapture frames at no less than a predetermined minimal frame rate untilthe end of the body passage (or up until some point prior to the end)from that point on.

A processor (e.g., in a workstation, receiving unit or the in vivodevice) may monitor the energy usage of the device, e.g., for eachframe, to determine if a higher than minimum frame rate would depletethe energy reserve. In this way, optimal frame rates are checked andadjusted to ensure the power source maintains a sufficient amount ofpower to complete image capture along the entire length of the bodypassage, or up until some desired point prior to the end. If the higherframe rate would deplete energy resources, the processor may set thedevice to a minimum frame rate mode, e.g., to capture frames at a ratethat maintains the energy reserve, and the device may capture and/ortransmit images at this rate. If the higher frame rate would not depleteenergy resources, the higher frame rate is allowable and the device maybe set to a higher frame rate mode. In some embodiments, although thehigher frame rate is allowable, the higher frame rate need not be used.The processor may use an optimization mechanism to determine, from amongthe allowable frame capture rates, which frame rate is optimal.

The processor may calculate an optimal frame rate from among theallowable frame capture rates, for example, based on any individual orcombination of parameters. In some embodiments, an optimal frame ratemay be determined, for example, based on the motion, speed,acceleration, location, color of images (e.g., the rate increasing asthe amount of redness increases indicating blood), differences in color,texture or patterns between sequential images, image recognition,impedance variation, etc. As the sensed values for these parameterschange through a body cavity, the device may toggle or switch back andforth among the allowable frame capture rates. If the optimal frame rateis less than or equal to the allowable frame rates (e.g., if it stillpreserves the energy reserve), an imager may capture one or moresubsequent frames at the optimal frame rate. If the optimal frame rategreater than the allowable frame rates (e.g., if it would deplete theenergy reserve), an imager may capture one or more frames at thegreatest allowable frame rate.

A frame rate or capture frame rate may refer to a non-zero rate at whichimages or frames are captured by the device and therefore excludesoperational modes in which the device is not collecting images (e.g. astandby mode), has no power, or is in an off mode.

Embodiments of the invention may include a reduced power or dormant modefor the device in which the device may temporarily stop capturing imagesor may capture images at a rate less than the predetermined minimumcapture rate. In the reduced power or dormant mode, the device willprogress along the passageway and less distance of the passageway mayneed to be imaged when the device resumes normal power operations.Accordingly, after the power reduction, fewer total images of thepassageway may need to be taken in order to maintain the predeterminedminimum capture rate. The minimum energy reserve may be recalculatedafter each power reduction to have a smaller value (for taking fewertotal images) than previous calculations. In one embodiment, when theremaining available energy in the device is approximately equal to theminimum energy reserve (e.g., the device may only capture images at thepredetermined minimum capture rate for the remainder of the passage),the device may automatically or in response to the passage of time or adetection of an in vivo condition, such as a change of organ, or acombination of these factors, enter a reduced power or dormant mode. Theminimum energy reserve may then be recalibrating to a smaller value thanbefore the power reduction, and the device may once again have energyavailable to image at a capture rate that is higher than thepredetermined minimum capture rate.

Embodiments of the invention may also include changing the transmissionstrength of the device, e.g., to a substantially minimum transmissionstrength to achieve sufficient signal clarity at an external receivingdevice. For example, when the in vivo device moves closer to an externalreceiver antenna, less signal strength may be needed to maintain a baselevel of signal clarity at the receiver. A feedback loop between an invivo device transmitter and a device positioning system and/or anexternal device receiver may be used for the in vivo device tocontinuously or periodically (e.g., in time or for each frame) changethe strength of the transmitted signals to meet the minimum transmissionsignal strength requirements.

Reference is made to FIG. 1, which schematically illustrates an in vivosystem in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. Oneor more components of the system may be used in conjunction with, or maybe operatively associated with, the devices and/or components describedherein or other in vivo devices in accordance with embodiments of theinvention.

In some embodiments, the system may include a device 140 having asensor, e.g., an imager 146, one or more illumination sources 142, apower source 145, and a transceiver 141. In some embodiments, device 140may be implemented using a swallowable capsule, but other sorts ofdevices or suitable implementations may be used.

Receiver/recorder 112 may include a transceiver 130 to communicate withdevice 140, e.g., to periodically send a frame rate to device 140 and toperiodically receive image, telemetry and energy usage data from device140. Receiver/recorder 112 may in some embodiments is a portable deviceworn on or carried by the patient, but in other embodiments may be forexample combined with workstation 117. A workstation 117 (e.g., acomputer or a computing platform) may include a storage unit 119 (whichmay be or include for example one or more of a memory, a database, etc.or other storage systems), a processor 114, and a monitor 118.

Transceiver 141 may operate using radio waves; but in some embodiments,such as those where device 140 is or is included within an endoscope,transceiver 141 may transmit/receive data via, for example, wire,optical fiber and/or other suitable methods. Other known wirelessmethods of transmission may be used. Transceiver 141 may include, forexample, a transmitter module or sub-unit and a receiver module orsub-unit, or an integrated transceiver or transmitter-receiver. In oneembodiment, transceiver 141 includes at least a modulator for receivingan image signal from the sensor 146, a radio frequency (RF) amplifier,an impedance matcher and an antenna 148. The modulator converts theinput image signal having a cutoff frequency f₀ of less than 5 MHz to anRF signal having a carrier frequency f_(r), typically in the range of 1GHz. While in one embodiment, the signal is an analog signal, themodulating signal may be digital rather than analog. The carrierfrequency may be in other bands, e.g., a 400 MHz band. The modulated RFsignal has a bandwidth of f_(t). The impedance matcher may match theimpedance of the circuit to that of the antenna. Other transceivers orarrangements of transceiver components may be used. For example,alternate embodiments may not include a matched antenna or may include atransceiver without a matching circuit. In alternate embodiments, device140 may have different configurations and include other sets ofcomponents. Other frequencies may be used. In yet further embodiments,sensors other than image sensors may be used, such as pH meters,temperature sensors, pressure sensors, etc. and input RF signals otherthan image signals may be used.

Transceiver 141 may send different types of signals, including forexample telemetry signals, image signals and beacon signals. Other typesof signals may be transmitted by transceiver 141. Information sent fromdevice 140 may include information sensed by sensors in the device suchas images, pH, temperature, location and pressure. Information sent fromdevice 140 may include telemetry information, regarding the capsule ID,time counter, image type data and the status of components in thedevice, such as current image capturing mode or frame rate of theimager, different allowable frame rates, power usage for capturing eachindividual image frame or a group of image frames, power usage for eachallowable frame rate, remaining power of the device power source, amountof energy reserve needed to capture image frames until complete passageof the device through a body passage at a minimal frame rate. Thesignals may be sent separately or as part as a larger frame, for examplea frame including both telemetry-type and image-type signals.

Embodiments of device 140 may be autonomous and self-contained or may becontrollable capsules (e.g., magnetically maneuvered). For example,device 140 may be a capsule or other unit where all the components aresubstantially contained within a container or shell, and where device140 does not require any wires or cables to, for example, receive poweror transmit information. In some embodiments, device 140 may beautonomous and non-remote-controllable; in another embodiment, device140 may be partially or entirely remote-controllable.

In some embodiments, device 140 may include an in vivo video camera, forexample, imager 146, which may capture and transmit images of, forexample, the GI tract while device 140 passes through the GI lumen.Other lumens and/or body cavities may be imaged and/or sensed by device140. In some embodiments, imager 146 may include, for example, a ChargeCoupled Device (CCD) camera or imager, a Complementary Metal OxideSemiconductor (CMOS) camera or imager, a digital camera, a stillscamera, a video camera, or other suitable imagers, cameras, or imageacquisition components.

In some embodiments, imager 146 may be operationally connected totransmitter or transceiver 141. Transceiver 141 may transmit images to,for example, external transceiver or receiver/recorder 112 (e.g.,through one or more antennas), which may send the data to workstation117, processor 114 and/or to storage unit 119. Transceiver 141 may alsoinclude control capability, although control capability may be includedin a separate component, e.g., processor 147. Transceiver 141 mayinclude any suitable transmitter able to transmit image data, othersensed data, and/or other data (e.g., control data, beacon signal, etc.)to a receiving device. Transceiver 141 may also be capable of receivingsignals/commands, for example from an external transceiver. For example,in some embodiments, transceiver 141 may include an ultra low powerRadio Frequency (RF) high bandwidth transmitter, possibly provided inChip Scale Package (CSP).

In some embodiments, transceiver 141 may transmit/receive via antenna148. Transceiver 141 and/or another unit in device 140, e.g., acontroller or processor 147, may include control capability, forexample, one or more control modules, processing module, circuitryand/or functionality for controlling device 140, for controlling theframe capture rate or settings of device 140, and/or for performingcontrol operations or processing operations within device 140. Accordingto some embodiments, transceiver 141 may include a receiver which mayreceive signals (e.g., from outside the patient's body), for example,through antenna 148 or through a different antenna or receiving element.According to some embodiments, signals or data may be received by aseparate receiving device in device 140.

Power source 145 may include one or more batteries or power cells. Forexample, power source 145 may include silver oxide batteries, lithiumbatteries, other suitable electrochemical cells having a high energydensity, or the like, such as ENERGIZER® LONG LIFE BATTERY 1.55V, 5 mA,product number 399 or ENERGIZER® SILVER OXIDE BATTERY 1.55V, productnumber 370. Other suitable power sources may be used. For example, powersource 145 may receive power or energy from an external power source(e.g., an electromagnetic field generator), which may be used totransmit power or energy to in vivo device 140. Typically, power source145 may have an initial amount of energy to be used during the imagingprocedure, and additional energy may not be obtained or harvested duringthe procedure.

Power source 145 may be internal to device 140, and/or may not requirecoupling to an external power source, e.g., to receive power. Powersource 145 may provide power to one or more components of device 140continuously, substantially continuously, or in a non-discrete manner ortiming, or in a periodic manner such as each time a frame is captured,an intermittent manner, or an otherwise non-continuous manner. In someembodiments, power source 145 may provide power to one or morecomponents of device 140, for example, not necessarily upon-demand, ornot necessarily upon a triggering event or an external activation orexternal excitement.

Power source 145 may be operationally coupled to a data bus 144, and mayprovide data regarding the status of different battery parameters, forexample upon request. The battery data parameters that may be read fromthe battery may include the estimated time left to operate in at aspecific capture rate or device mode (or energy remaining, which may beused to computer such a time-left value), current capacity, voltage,battery and/or manufacturer identification codes, maximum errorpercentage of the capacity, etc. In one embodiment, device 140 mayperiodically transmit the instantaneous energy, e.g., used for capturingeach image frame, used since the last transmission, used for eachoperation or a group of operations, etc. The amount of energy remainingin power source 145 may be determined after every image frame and/ordevice 140 transmission, or at other times. The amount of energyremaining in power source 145 may be determined, for example, bysubtracting the sum of the instantaneous energy values transmitted bydevice 140 (e.g., giving the current total energy usage) from theavailable energy supply of power source 145. The frame rate at any pointin time may be calculated and controlled to ensure that the amount ofenergy remaining in power source 145 is greater than or equal to theamount of energy reserve needed to capture image frames at a minimumframe rate until the complete passage of device 140. Other methods ofestimating the energy or capacity remaining in the battery may be used.A specific signal, separate from power provided by the battery duringnormal use, need not be used.

Transceiver 141 may include a processing unit, processor or controller,for example, to process signals and/or data generated by imager 146. Inanother embodiment, the processing unit may be implemented using aseparate component within device 140, e.g., controller or processor 147,or may be implemented as an integral part of imager 146, transceiver141, or another component, or may not be needed. The processing unit mayinclude, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP), a microprocessor, a controller, a chip, a microchip, acontroller, circuitry, an Integrated Circuit (IC), anApplication-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or any other suitablemulti-purpose or specific processor, controller, circuitry or circuit.In some embodiments, for example, the processing unit or controller maybe embedded in or integrated with transceiver 141, and may beimplemented, for example, using an ASIC.

In some embodiments, imager 146 may acquire in vivo images in a discreteor periodic manner, or in an intermittent manner, or an otherwisenon-continuous manner, for example, at an interval according to avariable one of a plurality of frame capture rates. The capture rate maybe different for each frame and may be calculated with respect to themost recent previous captured image or group of images. The framecapture rate may be adjusted at any point in time to an optimal rate,e.g., sufficient to see detail during periods of fast motion of thedevice or in “important” regions, where capturing images at that rateuses less than or equal to an amount of energy available in order tomaintain an energy reserve to capture frames at a minimal frame rate forthe remainder of the body passage.

An imaging or image capturing procedure may include the time periodduring which the imager 146 is capturing images and the transceiver 141is transmitting the image data to the receiving unit 112. Commands maybe received by the device 140 from an external control unit which may bea separate unit located outside of the patient's body or may beintegrated, for example with the receiving unit 112. The externalcontrol unit may be, for example, the control/processing unit 122integrated within receiving unit 112. In one embodiment, the devicepower source 145 may transmit an indication through transceiver 141,notifying the control/processing unit 122 of a low battery status. Theimaging device processor 147, or another unit operatively connected tothe battery, may sample internal registers in the battery to determine,for example, the current battery status, or other battery parameters.Control/processing unit 122 may, in response, transmit a control commandto device 140 to decrease the frame capture rate to a greater than zerovalue. The transmission power may be controlled in real time orpreprogrammed, for example per signal type or according to thecalculated remaining amount of energy in device 140. Other methods ofdetermining battery power may be used; for example a unit such asprocessor 147 or transmitter 141 may sample the battery periodically todetermine power characteristics such as the remaining voltage level, theestimated amount of time left according to current usage, etc.

In some embodiments, device 140 may include one or more illuminationsources 142, for example one or more Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs),“white LEDs”, or other suitable light sources, such as Nichia's LEDproduct number NESW007BT or Nichia's product number NESW007AT B3/B5.Illumination sources 142 may, for example, illuminate a body lumen orcavity being imaged and/or sensed. An optical system 150, including, forexample, one or more optical elements, such as one or more lenses orcomposite lens assemblies, one or more suitable optical filters, or anyother suitable optical elements, may optionally be included in device140 and may aid in focusing reflected light onto imager 146, focusingilluminating light, and/or performing other light processing operations.

In some embodiments, the components of device 140 may be enclosed withina housing or shell, e.g., capsule-shaped, oval, or having other suitableshapes. The housing or shell may be substantially transparent, and/ormay include one or more portions, windows or domes that may besubstantially transparent. For example, one or more illuminationsource(s) 142 within device 140 may illuminate a body lumen through atransparent, window or dome; and light reflected from the body lumen mayenter the device 140, for example, through the same transparent orportion, window or dome, or, optionally, through another transparentportion, window or dome, and may be received by optical system 150and/or imager 146. In some embodiments, for example, optical system 150and/or imager 146 may receive light, reflected from a body lumen,through the same window or dome through which illumination source(s) 142illuminate the body lumen.

According to one embodiment, while device 140 traverses a patient's GItract, the device 140 transmits image and possibly other data tocomponents located outside the patient's body, which receive and processthe data. Typically, receiving unit 112 is located outside the patient'sbody in one or more locations. The receiving unit 112 may typicallyinclude, or be operatively associated with, for example, one or moreantennas, sensors, or an antenna array 124, for receiving and/ortransmitting signals from/to device 140. Receiving unit 112 typicallyincludes an image receiver storage unit. According to one embodiment,the image receiver 112 and image receiver storage unit are small andportable, and are typically worn on the patient's body (or located inclose proximity to the patient's body) during recording of the images.

The receiving unit 112 may include, or be operatively associated with asignal detection unit 123, which may detect signals transmitted from,for example, device 140. The signal detection unit 123 may be coupled orincluded in the antenna or antenna array 124.

The control/processing unit 122, processor 114 and/or processor 147 mayevaluate the transmitted data including available energy in power source145, and, for example, based on the information, may determine an imagecapture rate that ensures continued imaging along the entire passagewayor the organ of interest, using at least a minimum capture rate.

In some embodiments, device 140 may communicate with an externalreceiving and display system (e.g., workstation 117 or monitor 118) toprovide display of data, control, or other functions. For example, powermay be provided to device 140 using an internal battery, an internalpower source, or a wireless system able to receive power. Otherembodiments may have other configurations and capabilities. For example,components may be distributed over multiple sites or units, and controlinformation or other information may be received from an externalsource.

Processor 114 and processor 122 may include processing units, processorsor controllers. The processing units may include, for example, a CPU, aDSP, a microprocessor, a controller, a chip, a microchip, a controller,circuitry, an IC, an ASIC, or any other suitable multi-purpose orspecific processor, controller, circuitry or circuit.

Data processor 114 may analyze the data received via externalreceiver/recorder 112 from device 140, and may be in communication withstorage unit 119, e.g., transferring frame data to and from storage unit119. Data processor 114 may provide the analyzed data to monitor 118,where a user (e.g., a physician) may view or otherwise use the data. Insome embodiments, data processor 114 may be configured for real timeprocessing and/or for post processing to be performed and/or viewed at alater time. In the case that control capability (e.g., delay, timing,etc) is external to device 140, a suitable external device (such as, forexample, data processor 114 or external receiver/recorder 112 having atransmitter or transceiver) may transmit one or more control signals todevice 140.

Monitor 118 may include, for example, one or more screens, monitors, orsuitable display units. Monitor 118, for example, may display one ormore images or a stream of images captured and/or transmitted by device140, e.g., images of the GI tract or of other imaged body lumen orcavity. Additionally or alternatively, monitor 118 may display, forexample, control data, location or position data (e.g., data describingor indicating the location or the relative location of device 140),orientation data, and various other suitable data. In some embodiments,for example, both an image and its position (e.g., relative to the bodylumen being imaged) or location may be presented using monitor 118and/or may be stored using storage unit 119. Other systems and methodsof storing and/or displaying collected image data and/or other data maybe used.

Typically, device 140 may transmit image information in discreteportions. Each portion may typically correspond to an image or a frame;other suitable transmission methods may be used. For example, in someembodiments, device 140 may capture and/or acquire an image at one of aplurality, e.g., three, four, ten or a hundred, different frame capturerates, and may transmit the image data to the external receiving unit112. Other constant and/or variable capture rates and/or transmissionrates may be used.

While passively moving along the GI tract of a body, device 140 mayacquire images at a variable acquisition rate. Device 140 may have aninitial or default image capture rate of, e.g., four frames per second(4 Hz). During the operation of device 140, the frame rate may beadjusted, changed or controlled, for example, based on the power usageof the device, e.g., via a control or adjustment signals sent to device140 by receiving unit 112. The frame capture rate may be calculatedexternally to device 140, e.g., by processor 114 of workstation 117) andtransmitted from transceivers 130 and/or workstation 117 and received bytransceivers 141 of device 140. Alternatively, the frame capture ratemay be calculated internally to device 140, e.g., by processor 147. Theframe capture rate may be applied by processor 147 so that imager 146may capture images at the received frame capture rate. For example,processor 114 and/or processor 147 may monitor power levels anddetermine and activate the corresponding frame capture rate basedthereon. In one embodiment, processor 114 may determine an optimalcapture rate, for example, based on device 140 parameters such as speed,motion, location, environment, and then adjust the capture rate, ifnecessary or other parameters (such as light control, light gain, lengthof light pulse, transmission strength and type of signal transmitted),to enable imaging along the full passageway or sufficiently tocompletely cover the organ or region of interest. Accordingly, processor114 may set the frame capture rate of device 140 to be the rate thatenables imaging along the full passageway that is closest to the optimalcapture rate.

In one embodiment, processor 114 may monitor device 140 energy usage todetermine, e.g., for each frame (or at longer intervals), if a higherthan minimum frame rate would deplete the energy reserve. If not, thehigher frame rate is allowable and device 140 may be set to a higherframe rate mode. However, although the higher frame rate is allowable,the higher frame rate need not be used. Processor 114 may use anoptimization mechanism to determine, from among the allowable framecapture rates, which frame rate is optimal, taking into considerationparameters such as the current location of device 140, the speed ofdevice 140 and/or other information extracted from the data receivedfrom device 140.

To determine the energy usage of device 140, processor 114 may determinethe frame capture rate and an amount of energy associated with capturinga frame at each capture rate. In one embodiment, processor 114 maydeduce the capture rate from the rate at which the frames aretransmitted and/or received or may separately receive capture ratesignals indicating the rates, e.g., which may be transmitted each time aframe is captured, periodically, together with or separately from theimage data. Processor 114 may determine the overall energy usage ofdevice 140 by summing the products of the number of frames captured ateach capture rate and the energy associated with capturing a frame atthat rate.

The optimal frame rate may be determined, for example, based onparameter(s) such as, motion, speed, acceleration, location, color ofimages (e.g., the rate increasing as the amount of redness increasesindicating blood), differences in color, hue, saturation, texture orpatterns between sequential images, impedance variation, degree ofsimilarity when comparing sequential images, environmental pH values,etc. In one embodiment, optimal frame rate may be determined, forexample, based on the region where the device is located within thebody. For example, when a physician intends to investigate a region ofinterest in the body, such as the small bowel or colon, the optimalframe rate may be increased when the device is located in (or determinedto be located in) that region or at a time when the device is expectedto be located in that region. For example when investigating the colon,a relatively low or minimum frame rate may be used in the stomach, aframe rate intermediate to the relatively low and a relatively high ratemay be used in the small bowel, and a relatively high or maximum framerate may be used in the colon, although other combinations of rates maybe used. In some embodiments, optimal frame rates associated with eachrange of parameter values may be pre-set and may be stored in a look-uptable accessible by the device. In some embodiments, the pre-set valuesmay be adjusted by sending command signals, for example from thereceiver 112 to update the values or write new values which may bestored in device 140.

In one embodiment of the invention, a processor (e.g., processor 122,114, and/or 147) may calculate an optimal frame rate, for example, basedon a region where the device is located within the body. The regionwhere the device is located may be determined, e.g., automatically ormanually, for example, based on image differentiation, known colors(hue, saturation, pixel values), image parameters (intensity of images,gain and exposure parameters used in the image), textures, patterns, orin vivo objects (such as a lumen hole, villi, wrinkles, etc.) associatedwith each region. Alternatively or additionally, the region where thedevice is located may be determined using time-based parameters, e.g.,by comparing the duration of capsule passage to predetermined timesassociated with each region (E.g., device 140 may stay in the stomachfor up to 2 hours, traverse the small bowel in 4-6 hours, then stay inthe colon up to, for example, 24 hours. These time averages may be, forexample, based on typical small bowel procedures, using a specificpreparation and examination diet regimen, and may be significantlydifferent from times in a colon procedure). Alternatively oradditionally, the region where the device is located may be determinedusing pH values known to be associated with each region of the bodypassage and/or using knowledge of structures in the GI tract (e.g.device 140 which has moved from the stomach to the small bowel will notlikely return to the stomach). A combination of the above methods may beused.

Embodiments of the invention for determining the region where the deviceis located may be used, as described in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2009/0202117 to Vilarino et al., entitled “DEVICE,SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY”and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0069317 to Horn et al.,entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD TO DETECT A TRANSITION IN AN IMAGE STREAM,”all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In one embodiment, a predetermined number (e.g., three) of differentnon-zero frame rates or ranges of frame rates may be used to captureframes respectively associated with (e.g., three) different bodyregions. For example, a relatively high frame rate or (HFR) of, e.g.,30-100 frames per second, may be used to capture frames in the colon, arelatively lower or medium frame rate (MFR) of, e.g., 10-20 frames persecond, may be used to capture frames in the small bowel, and an evenlower or lowest frame rate or (LFR) of, e.g., 1-5 frames per second, maybe used to capture frames when the device is not in the colon or thesmall bowel, e.g., in the esophagus or stomach. Within each region ofthe body a range of higher frame rate to a lower frame rate areallowable. From among the range of allowable frame rates, processor 114may determine, individually and instantaneously for each frame, theoptimal frame rate. As parameter values in the body change (e.g., forspeed, color, texture, presence of villi), the optimal frame rate alsochanges and therefore, device 140 may toggle back and forth betweenhigher and lower frame rates. For example, in the colon and the smallbowel, the capture rates toggles back and forth between a higher andlower frame rate. Different region or times of operation may haveassociated therewith different “higher” frame rates (e.g., of 36 or 35frames per second in the colon and 20 frames per second in the smallbowel). For example, in the colon, device 140 toggles between the colonHFR (e.g., of 36 or 35 frames per second) and the lower frame rates(e.g., of 4 frames per second), while in the small bowel, device 140toggles between the small bowel MFR (e.g., of 20 frames per second) andthe lower frame rates (e.g., of 4 frames per second).

In one embodiment, each different capture rate may be activated for apredetermined time during which device 140 is estimated to pass througheach region. For example, device 140 may capture frames at the smallbowel capture rate for, e.g., 1200 seconds or twenty minutes initiatedby detecting the entrance to the small bowel, device 140 may capture atthe colon capture rate for the following e.g., 10800 seconds or 180minutes, device 140 may capture again at the small bowel capture ratefor, e.g., 1800 seconds or thirty minutes, and device 140 may capture atthe lowest or default capture rate for, e.g., until power source 145 isdepleted of power or until the procedure is otherwise determined to beterminated.

Other regions, sub-regions, or frame rates may be used. For example, fora device directed to investigate the small bowel, the capture rate orthe range of capture rates for the small bowel may be greater than thecapture rate for the colon. In yet another embodiment, the capture ratesor the range of capture rates of the small bowel and colon may be equal.

Once an optimal frame rate is calculated, the processor (e.g., processor122, 114, and/or 147) may determine if capturing frames at the optimalframe rate would deplete the energy reserve needed to capture imageframes until the completion of the device passage. If so, the optimalcapture rate may be adjusted, e.g., as described in further detail inreference to FIG. 2.

Reference is made to FIG. 2, which is a graph of the cumulative energyusage over time in accordance with some embodiments of the presentinvention. The x-axis represents the passage of time, e.g., measured bya clock in processor 147 (e.g., a 8.1 MHz clock), from the beginning ofimage capturing or from the beginning of the imaging procedure to theestimated maximum duration of the passage of the device through theentire length of the body passage to be imaged, which may bepredetermined or calculated during the procedure. The y-axis representsthe cumulative energy levels over time with the upper horizontal linerepresenting the energy level of the power source at the beginning ofimage capturing. The curved line indicates device energy usage overtime. At any time along the x-axis, the energy difference between thecurve and the x-axis represents the total energy used up to that timeand the energy difference between the curve and the upper horizontalline represents the total energy still available for use in the powersource. Over time as images are captured along the body passageway, theenergy used increases and the available energy decreases, e.g.,monotonically. As the slope along the curve increases, the frame rateincreases and as the slope along the curve decreases, the frame ratedecreases. A constant frame rate is indicated by a line with constantslope.

At any time along the x-axis, there is a minimum energy reserve in powersupply 145 that remains unused to ensure that it is available to captureframes (e.g., at a minimum or least frame rate (LFR)) until the end ofthe body passage. In this description, the LFR is 4 frames per secondand the energy above the LFR curve is the energy that is estimated to beneeded to capture images at the LRF frame rate from that time until theend of the passageway or the region of interest. The minimum energyreserve is indicated by the difference between a curve labeled “LFR” andthe upper horizontal line. Over time as device 140 passes through thebody, fewer images are needed to complete the capture of the passageway.Thus, the minimum energy reserve may decrease, e.g., linearly, over timeas device 140 passes through the body.

In order to ensure image capture at a minimum or least frame rate untilthe end of the body passage, the energy usage of device 140 should notdeplete the minimum energy reserve of power supply 145, and at therelevant time along the x-axis the actual energy left in the powersource should be at least the minimum energy reserve for that time.Thus, the LRF curve may represent the limit of the cumulative energyusage by device 140 at any time. Accordingly, the energy available inpower source 145 (i.e., the energy above the energy usage curve) may begreater than or equal to this minimum energy reserve (i.e., the energyabove the LFR curve). That is, in the graph, the energy usage curve andthe LRF curve should never cross, but may asymptotically converge. Whenthe energy available in power source 145 is greater than the minimumenergy reserve, a greater than minimum capture rate may be used.However, once the energy available in the power source is equal to thisminimum energy reserve (i.e., the curves converge), a minimum or leastframe rate may be used until the power source 145 is fully depleted anddevice 140 reaches the end of the body passage.

In some embodiments, device 140 may allocate a predetermined portion ofthe total energy of power source 145 for each region of the body passageor time interval. For example, each region may have a separate maximalenergy limit demarcated by respective minimal energy curves, which limitthe energy use individually in each body region. In one embodiment, ifdevice 140 is designed to investigate the colon, a greater amount ofenergy may be designated to the colon than the small bowel. Accordingly,the minimum energy LFR curve for the small bowel may have a relativelysmall distance between the curve and the x-axis as compared to theminimum energy LFR curve for the colon which may have a relatively largedistance between the LFR curve for the colon and the LFR curve for thesmall bowel. Accordingly, when device 140 is passing through the smallbowel, the energy usage may soon approach the energy limit and the framerate may quickly decrease to the minimum frame rate. In contrast, ahigher frame rate may be used for a longer period of time in the colonto which more energy is designated.

In another embodiment, different minimum or least frame rates may bedesignated for different regions in the body of time intervals. Forexample, if device 140 is designed to investigate the colon, the colonmay have a least frame rate (e.g., 6 frames per second) that is greaterthan the least frame rate of the small bowel (e.g., 4 frames persecond). In the graph, the minimum energy curve for the colon may appearat a greater incline than the minimum energy curve for the small bowel.

In one example depicted in Table 1 below, a plurality of different modes0-4 are shown, each having a different non-zero frame rate for device140. The amount of energy used to capture and transmit each frame mayvary based on changing parameters during device 140 operation including,for example, energy used by transmitter 141 in which the strength oftransmissions necessary for proper reception by receiving unit 112 mayvary, e.g., based on the distance between device 140 and receiving unit112, automatic light control which may vary, e.g., based on the lightneeded to properly illuminate an area for each specific frame, energyused by processor 147 and imager 146 which may vary, e.g., based oncomplexity or volume of image data, etc. Table 1 lists averages of theamount of energy used by device 140 for each frame in each mode asmeasured in laboratory testing.

TABLE 1 Frame Energy used per frame [mAh] Mode Number Rate [fr/sec]EngSt_(i) = CCC/BUC*T_(cycle) 0 (Screening) 4 3.298/0.75*(1/4/3600) =1.0993/3600 1 (Pre-colon) 0.8 0.458/0.95*(1/0.8/3600) = 0.6026/3600  2(LFR) 4 3.298/0.75*(1/4/3600) = 1.0993/3600 3 (HFR) 369.704/0.5*(1/36/3600) = 0.5391/3600 4 (MFR) 20

The approximation of the energy used in each mode may be the averageenergy used to capture a single frame in each mode (e.g., measured andtransmitted by device 140) multiplied by the total number of framescaptured in that mode. In order to calculate the remaining amount ofenergy left in the device, the average values of different parametersare used, e.g. the energy used by the transmitter for transmission of anaverage frame, the average energy used by the imager for capturing asingle frame, the average energy used by the imager for processing of anaverage frame, the average energy used by the illumination units toilluminate a frame and the mode of illumination used (for example, withpre-flash, pre-charge or without), and the average energy used for acapsule cycle and pause cycle. The calculation (or approximation) of thetotal energy used may include the sum of the average energies used ineach mode. Accordingly, the total energy used at any time is:

${UsedEnergyTillNow} = {\sum\limits_{i}\; {{EngSt}_{i}*{{Counter}_{i}.}}}$

Additionally, energy for functions other than imaging (e.g., magnetic ormechanical propulsion or navigation, non-image sensors, therapeuticapplications such as drug delivery, immobilization, etc.) may also beadded to calculate the total energy used by device 140.

In one embodiment of the invention, the frame capture rates may bedefined, for example, to satisfy the following equation:

$\begin{matrix}{{{BatteryFullCap} - {StorageEnergyReduction} - {UsedEnergyTillNow} - {\left( {{ProcedureMaxTime} - {currentTime}} \right)*\frac{{EngSt}_{LFR}}{T_{LFR}}}} \leqq 0} & {{Eq}(1)}\end{matrix}$

Parameters in the equation (1) may be defined, for example, as follows:

-   -   BatteryFullCap may be the initial total energy supply of power        supply 145. In one example, the initial energy may have a value        of, for example, 52 mAh.    -   StorageEnergyReduction may be the energy reduction due to        storage conditions. For example, the storage conditions may be        in 40° C. for up to 12 months. The energy reduction due to        storage conditions may be an average value based on an        estimation of storage conditions, e.g., including the amount of        time power source 145 has been unused and the estimated storage        temperature ranges during this time. The storage time may be        calculated based on an assembly date recorded in device 140. The        storage temperature may be estimated based on the storage        facility and may be programmed into device 140, receiving unit        112 or workstation 117. If there is a range or uncertainty in        the energy reduction due to storage conditions, a maximum,        average, or minimum estimated value may be used.    -   StorageEnergyReduction=(BSDF+COMC)*Period [months] where BSDF is        the battery self discharge factor and COMC is the energy        depletion over time or the capsule off current monthly        consumption.    -   UsedEnergyTillNow may be the total energy usage of device 140        accumulated until the current time.    -   EngSt_(i) may be the average energy used to capture each frame,        e.g., including illuminating, imaging, processing, and        transmitting for each frame, in a mode “i,” for example, where        i=0-4 as defined in Table 1.    -   ProcedureMaxTime may be the maximum estimated time (e.g., in        hours) for device 140 to completely pass through a        pre-designated body passage, and may be predetermined, or        calculated for example updated periodically using a feedback        loop based on the current speed or path length traveled by        device 140. In some embodiments, ProcedureMaxTime may be a        preset value, for example equal to 9 or 10 hours, which may be        determined, for example empirically, based on a typical maximal        time during which device 140 completes the passage through the        pre-designated anatomical structure or region.    -   currentTime may be the current time (e.g., in hours) of the        captured image frame.    -   EngSt_(LFR) may be the average energy needed to capture each        frame, e.g., including illuminating, imaging, processing, and        transmitting for each frame, in the minimum capture rate mode.    -   T_(LFR) may be the time (e.g., in hours) interval for capturing        one frame in the minimum capture rate mode.

Other parameters and other equations may be used. According to equation(1), the available energy remaining in the device power supply 145(e.g., the difference between the initial energy supply or“BatteryFullCap” and the total energy usage “UsedEnergyTillNow” and theenergy depletion due to storage “StorageEnergyReduction”) may be greaterthan or equal to the energy needed to capture image frames at a minimumframe rate until the complete passage of 140 device (e.g.,

$\left. {\left( {{ProcedureMaxTime} - {currentTime}} \right)*\frac{{EngSt}_{LFR}}{T_{LFR}}} \right).$

When the available energy is greater than the energy needed by at leastthe amount of energy used to capture an image at a medium or high framerate, the medium or high frame rate may be used, respectively. When theavailable energy is equal to the energy needed, device 140 may switch tothe minimum or least frame rate.

The following description provides demonstrative examples for operatingdevice 140 according to embodiments of the invention, for example, usingequation (1). It may be appreciated that these computations aregenerally executed by a processor in a computing device and that therepresentations of these values, order of operations, and other featuresmay be different in different embodiments, e.g., in programming codewith storage memory pointers. However, generally the same calculationsmay be used. It may be noted that the values given here are merely usedfor demonstration and different values may be used.

EXAMPLE 1

In a first example, power source 145 may have substantially no energyloss due to storage, e.g., when device 140 is immediately used,(StorageEnergyReduction==0). The energies used to capture each frame ineach of modes 0-4 are described in Table 1. A clock in or operated byfor example processor 147 (e.g., a 8.1 MHz clock) may measure the timein which device 140 operates each mode, e.g., as follows:

-   -   7 min in Mode 0 (1680 frames),    -   30 minutes in Mode 1 (1440 frames),    -   1 hour in Mode 2 (14400 frames),    -   57.4917 minutes in Mode 3 (124182 frames), and    -   a total estimated procedure time of 9 hours.        A processor may substitute the values above into equation (1),        for example, as follows:

${52 - 0 - \left( {{\frac{1.0993}{3600}*1680} + {\frac{0.6026}{3600}*1440} + {\frac{1.0993}{3600}*14400} + {\frac{0.5391}{3600}*124182}} \right) - {\left( {9 - 2.5749} \right)*\frac{\frac{1.0993}{3600}}{\frac{1}{4*3600}}}} = {{52 - \left( {{\frac{1.0993}{3600}*1680} + {\frac{0.6026}{3600}*1440} + {\frac{1.0993}{3600}*14400} + {\frac{0.5391}{3600}*124182}} \right) - {\left( {9 - 2.5749} \right)*4*1.0993}} = 0.000049}$

The resulting equation (1) has a value very close to zero, thoughgreater than zero (e.g., 0.000049). According to the energy usage valuesfor each of the operational modes 0-4 in Table 1, if device 140 capturedone more frame in Mode 3, equation (1) would have a value less thanzero, indicating that the energy reserve is being depleted and device140 may not have enough energy to capture frames for the total estimatedprocedure time of 9 hours. To ensure continued imaging for the entirelength of the procedure, device 140 switches from the relatively highframe rate (e.g., 36 frames per second) in Mode 3 to at the minimalallowable frame rate (e.g., 4 frames per second) in Mode 2.

It may be appreciated that in some embodiments, the processor may switchto a minimum frame rate not before, but only after, an initial depletionof the energy reserve, e.g., when equation (1) first has a negativevalue. In this case, device 140 may capture frames for a time of onlyslightly less than (e.g., one or a few frames less than) the entireestimated procedure time (e.g., 9 hours). In this case, device 140 maycapture frames for substantially, though not exactly, the totalestimated procedure time.

A processor may proceed, for example, according to the following steps1-3 written in pseudo-code:

-   -   Step 1. Determine the “EnergyBalance” of device 140 by        subtracting the energy depleted due to storage time from the        full initial energy of the power source 145, for example, as        follows:

EnergyBalance=BatteryFullCap−StorageEnergyReduction=BatteryFullCap−(BSDF+COMC)*TotalMonths

The processor may execute the following operations to retrieve data:

-   a. getBatteryCapacity( ): retrieve the full initial energy of power    source 145 (e.g., stored as one (1) byte of telemetry data). This    value may be set to ‘BatteryFullCapacity’ in equation (1).-   b. getCurrentDate( ): used in storage time calculation for    “TotalMonths” value above.-   c. getProductionDate( ): used in storage time calculation for    “TotalMonths” value above.-   d. getBatteryBUC( ): retrieve the battery self discharge factor    (BSDF) and the energy depletion over time (e.g., the capsule off    current monthly consumption (COMC)) for power source 145. These    parameters may be stored as a battery utilization coefficient or    “BUC” in telemetry data, which may be one (1) byte).    -   The processor may determine the term

${EngPerTInLFR} = {\frac{{EngSt}_{LFR}}{T_{LFR}}.}$

This calculation may be executed in step 1 to enable fast multiplicationin later steps, although alternatively, this calculation may be executedlater.

-   -   The processor may execute the following operation to set the        mode of device 140 to a relatively high frame rate mode, e.g.,        Mode 3 in Table 1, for example, as follows:

m_statusLowPower=HIGH POWER.

-   -   Setting the device to a higher than minimum frame rate may mean        that the device 140 is allowed to, but will not necessarily, use        the high frame rate. The energy evaluation, e.g., using        equation (1) may define the energy modes available to device 140        so that its energy reserve is maintained. From among the        available energy modes, the processor may determine the actual        energy mode for device 140 to use, e.g., based on capture rate        optimization parameter(s) (e.g., speed, color, texture, presence        of villi, etc.). Once there is sufficient energy available for        device 140 to be in a higher than minimum frame rate without        depleting energy reserves, device 140 may toggle between the        higher than minimum frame rate (e.g., Mode 3 at 36 frames per        second) and the minimum frame rate (e.g., Mode 2 at 4 frames per        second), e.g., for example, depending on sensed values of the        frame capture rate parameter(s).    -   Step 2. For each frame captured and transmitted, the processor        may subtract the energy of the transmitted frame in the current        mode of the device from the “EnergyBalance”. This energy may be        pre-set and stored in a look-up table accessible by the        processor (e.g., example values are listed in Table 1). In this        way, the “EnergyBalance” value may be updated after each frame        is captured and transmitted to represent the current amount of        energy in power source 145.    -   Step 3. The processor may execute the following operation, for        example, as follows:        -   a. LeftTime=ProcedureMaxTime−currentTime; ProcedureMaxTime            may be retrieved from predefined settings associated with a            type or model of device 140 or selected type of procedure.            The predefined settings may be stored in a file in            workstation 117 or receiving unit 112 and may be downloaded            to the receiving unit 112.        -   b. NeededEnrToCompleteProc=LeftTime*EnrPerTInLFR; where            EngPerTInLFR may be calculated to be

${{EngPerTInLFR} = \frac{{EngSt}_{LFR}}{T_{LFR}}},$

for example, as described in step 1.

-   -   -   c. If the total energy remaining is less than the energy            reserve needed to complete the capture at a minimum frame            rate, i.e., (EnergyBalance            NeededEnrToCompleteProc), then the device 140 mode may be            permanently set to the mode with the minimum frame rate, for            example: m_statusLowPower=LOW_POWER. Accordingly, only the            minimum frame rate mode (LFR) may be enabled until            substantially the end of the operation and/or the full            depletion of power source 145.

Other operations of orders of operations may be used.

In some embodiments, if there is sufficient energy for device 140 to usea higher than minimum frame rate (e.g., Mode 3 at 36 frames per secondor Mode 4 at 20 frames per second), the maximal number, X, of framesthat may be captured at the higher than minimum frame rate may bedetermined, for example, by analyzing equations (2) and (3) defined asfollows (other series of operations may be used):

BaseEnergy−X*EngStHFR−NumberOfFramesInLFR*EngStLFR≧0   Eq(2)

NumberOfFramesInLFR=(ProcedureMaxTime−TAFRStart−X*T _(HFR))/T _(LFR)  Eq(3)

Parameters in equations (2) and (3) may be defined, for example, asfollows:

-   -   BaseEnergy may be:        [BatteryFullCap−StorageEnergyReduction−UsedEnergyTillNow]. This        is the energy that the device 140 may use without depleting the        energy reserve.    -   X may be the maximal number of frames that may be captured in a        higher than minimum frame rate mode, e.g., Mode 3 or 4.    -   EngStHFR may be the energy used to capture each frame in the        higher than minimum frame rate of Mode 3 or 4.    -   EngStLFR may be the energy used to capture each frame in the        minimum frame rate of Mode 2.    -   ProcedureMaxTime may be the total estimated procedure time.    -   TAFRStart may be the time that the AFR is started.    -   T_(HFR) may be the cycle time to capture one frame in the higher        than minimum frame rate mode.    -   T_(LFR) may be the cycle time to capture one frame in the higher        than minimum frame rate mode.        Combining equations (2) and (3) may provide the following        equation (4), which defines the maximum number or the upper        limit of the number of frames, X, that may be captured in a        higher than minimum frame rate mode, e.g., Mode 3 or 4, as        follows:

$\begin{matrix}{X \leqq \frac{\begin{matrix}{{BaseEnergy} - {\frac{{ProcedureMaxTime} - {TAFRStart}}{T_{LFR}}*}} \\{EngSt}_{LFR}\end{matrix}}{{EngSt}_{HFR} - {\frac{T_{HFR}}{T_{LFR}}*{EngSt}_{LFR}}}} & {{Eq}(4)}\end{matrix}$

The following examples may be applied to evaluate equation (4).

EXAMPLE 2

In a second example, power source 145 may suffer an energy loss due tostorage, e.g., when device 140 has been stored for 12 months. Theaverage energies used to capture each frame in each of modes 0-4 arelisted in Table 1. A clock in processor 147 (e.g., a 8.1 MHz clock) maymeasure the time in which device 140 operates each mode, e.g., asfollows:

-   -   7 min in Mode 0 (1680 frames),    -   30 minutes in Mode 1 (1440 frames), and    -   a total estimated procedure time of 9 hours.        A processor may calculate the BaseEnergy (mAh) of device 140,        e.g., as follows:

${BaseEnergy} = {{{BatteryFullCap} - {StorageEnergyReduction} - {\sum\limits_{i}\; {{EngSt}_{i}*{Counter}_{i}}}} = {{52 - {\left( {0.52 + 0.219} \right)*12} - {\frac{1.0993}{3600}*1680} - {\frac{0.6026}{3600}*1440}} = {42.378\mspace{14mu} {mAh}}}}$

The processor may determine the maximal number, X, of frames that may becaptured at the higher than minimum frame rate, e.g., of Mode 3, withoutdepleting the energy reserve, when device 140 was stored for 12 months,e.g., by substituting values into equation (4) as follows.

$X \leqq \frac{\begin{matrix}{{BaseEnergy} - {\frac{{ProcedureMaxTime} - {TAFRStart}}{T_{LFR}}*}} \\{EngSt}_{LFR}\end{matrix}}{{EngSt}_{HFR} - {\frac{T_{HFR}}{T_{LFR}}*{EngSt}_{LFR}}}$$X = {\frac{\begin{matrix}{42.378 -} \\{\frac{9 - 0.6167}{0.25\text{/}3600}*} \\{1.0993\text{/}3600}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{0.5391\text{/}3600} -} \\{\frac{4}{36}*1.0993\text{/}3600}\end{matrix}} = {\frac{\begin{matrix}{3600*} \\\left( {42.378 - {\frac{9 - 0.6167}{0.25}*1.0993}} \right)\end{matrix}}{0.5391 - {\frac{4}{36}*1.0993}} = 47616}}$

The value, X, of 47616 frames may be captured at the higher than minimumframe rate, e.g., of Mode 3, while maintaining the energy reservenecessary for the continued capture in the minimum frame rate, e.g., ofMode 2, for the remainder of the 9 hour procedure. In mode 3, since 36frames are captures per second, device 140 may capture frames at thisrate for a maximum of 22.5 minutes and then switch to the minimum framerate, e.g., of Mode 2, for the remainder of the 9 hour procedure.

EXAMPLE 3

In a third example, power source 145 may have substantially no energyloss due to storage, e.g., when device 140 is used soon aftermanufacture, (StorageEnergyReduction==0). The energies used to captureeach frame in each of modes 0-4 are listed in Table 1. A clock inprocessor 147 (e.g., a 8.1 MHz clock) may measure the time in whichdevice 140 operates each mode, e.g., as follows:

-   -   7 min in Mode 0 (1680 frames),    -   30 minutes in Mode 1 (1440 frames), and    -   a total estimated procedure time of 9 hours.        If there is no energy loss due to storage, the BaseEnergy (mAh)        of device 140 may be calculated, e.g., as follows:

${BaseEnergy} = {{{BatteryFullCap} - {StorageEnergyReduction} - {\sum\limits_{i}\; {{EngSt}_{i}*{Counter}_{i}}}} = {{52 - 0 - {\frac{1.0993}{3600}*1680} - {\frac{0.6026}{3600}*1440}} = {51.246\mspace{14mu} {mAh}}}}$

With no energy depletion due to storage, e.g., values may be substitutedinto equation (4) as follows:

$X \leqq \frac{\begin{matrix}{{BaseEnergy} - {\frac{{ProcedureMaxTime} - {TAFRStart}}{T_{LFR}}*}} \\{EngSt}_{LFR}\end{matrix}}{{EngSt}_{HFR} - {\frac{T_{HFR}}{T_{LFR}}*{EngSt}_{LFR}}}$$X = {\frac{\begin{matrix}{51.246 -} \\{\frac{9 - 0.6167}{0.25\text{/}3600}*} \\{1.0993\text{/}3600}\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{{0.5391\text{/}3600} -} \\{\frac{4}{36}*} \\{1.0993\text{/}3600}\end{matrix}} = {\frac{\begin{matrix}{3600*} \\\left( {51.246 - {\frac{9 - 0.6167}{0.25}*1.0993}} \right)\end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix}{0.5391 -} \\{\frac{4}{36}*1.0993}\end{matrix}} = 124182}}$

The value, X, of 124182 frames may be captured at the higher thanminimum frame rate, e.g., of Mode 3, while maintaining the energyreserve necessary for the continued capture in the minimum frame rate,e.g., of Mode 2, for the remainder of the 9 hour procedure. In mode 3,since 36 frames are captures per second, device 140 may capture framesat this rate for a maximum of 57 minutes and then switch to the minimumframe rate, e.g., of Mode 2, for the remainder of the 9 hour procedure.

Additional mechanisms to reduce power in device 140 may include, forexample, the following:

-   -   Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) optimization: based on        the amount of energy left and an estimation of the amount of        energy required for completing the procedure (i.e., completing        optimal coverage of the selected organ of interest), receiving        unit 112 may determine whether the received signal strength is        above a certain threshold, and if so, the transmission strength        of device 140 may be reduced. Embodiments of the invention for        reducing transmission power based on RSSI optimization may be        used, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,934,573 to        GLUKHOVSKY et al., entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CHANGING        TRANSMISSION FROM AN IN VIVO SENSING DEVICE,” which is hereby        incorporated by reference in its entirety.    -   Light optimization (ALC): to reduce the amount of energy or        current provided to the illumination sources 142 (based on image        intensity/brightness). Embodiments of the invention for reducing        illumination levels according to image saturation may be used,        for example, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication        No. 20030/117491 to Avni et al., entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD        FOR CONTROLLING ILLUMINATION IN AN IN VIVO IMAGING DEVICE,”        which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.    -   Adaptive frame rate for maintaining a minimum capture rate        through the entire area of interest as described according to        embodiments of the invention.    -   Adaptive frame rate for reducing the frame rate when device 140        is stopped or not in motion. Embodiments of the invention for        reducing the frame rate may be used, for example, as described        in U.S. Pat. No. 7,022,067 to GLUKHOVSKY et al., entitled        “SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING IN VIVO CAMERA FRAME CAPTURE AND FRAME        DISPLAY RATES,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its        entirety.    -   Using smart batteries which may indicate power source 145        status, alerts, or an estimated power life according to a rate        of current usage. Embodiments of the invention describing a        smart battery may be used, for example, as described in U.S.        Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0232887 to Khait et al.,        entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CHECKING THE STATUS OF AN IN        VIVO IMAGING DEVICE,” which is hereby incorporated by reference        in its entirety.    -   Monitoring the voltage of power source 145 to estimate its power        life under a specific load of operation(s).

In some embodiments, other frame rates may be used, and the modes may beactivated for different periods of time. For example, the device 140 maybe operated in mode 0 (e.g. 4 frames per second) for a period of 3minutes, in mode 1 for a period of 30 minutes (14 frames per minute),and for the rest of the procedure, the modes may be switched betweenmode 2 (e.g. 4 frames per second) and mode 3 (e.g. 35 frames persecond), depending on, for example, the motility of the device, itsspeed or acceleration, or on a change in scenery between sequentialframes. A total estimated time of the imaging procedure may be, forexample, 5 hours. Other parameters may of course be used.

Reference is made to FIG. 3, which is a flowchart of a method ofperforming frame rate control by an in vivo imaging device in accordancewith some embodiments of the present invention.

In operation 300, a processor or process (e.g., processor 122, 114,and/or 147 of FIG. 1) may determine a minimal amount of energy needed tocapture image frames at a minimum non-zero frame rate until the completepassage of the device through at least a predetermined region of the GItract. A minimum amount of energy may be an amount of energy reserved inthe power supply that may remain unused to ensure that it is availablein the future to capture one or more subsequent images at a minimum orleast frame rate (LFR) until the estimated end of the body region orpassage. Over time, as an in vivo device (e.g., device 140 of FIG. 1)progresses along the GI tract, the device may need less and less energyin the reserve to finish capturing images at the LFR. Therefore, theminimum energy may decreases to zero at the estimated time at which theprocedure ends (when no reserve energy is needed).

In operation 310, the processor or process may estimate or determine anapproximation of the cumulative amount of energy used during theoperation of the device. The cumulative amount of energy may becalculated based on, for example, averages of energies used by anillumination source, imager, processor, and transmitter. In someembodiments, the processor may estimate an amount of energy to be usedduring the remaining time duration of operation of the device, untilcompletion of the imaging procedure of the imaged organ or maximumestimated time of completion. This amount may be measured, e.g., viasignals from a battery, or calculated, e.g., based on a known amount ofenergy used per frame times the number of frames captured.

In operation 320, the processor or process may determine the availableenergy remaining in the device power supply. In one embodiment, theavailable energy remaining in the device power supply may be estimatedto be the difference between an initial available energy in the devicepower supply and the approximated cumulative energy used, e.g.,determined in operation 310. In another embodiment, the available energyremaining in the device power supply may be determined based on a signaltransmitted from the battery, or by comparing a current voltage level ofthe battery with a previous voltage level or an initial voltage level.

The available amount of energy in operation 320 may be the inverselyproportional to the cumulative amount of energy used in operation 310.For example, as the cumulative amount of energy used increases, theavailable amount of energy typically decreases. In one embodiment, theavailable energy may be equal to the total initial energy (e.g., knownbased on the battery source specification) less the cumulative amount ofenergy used (310)). In some embodiments, one of operations 310 and 320need not be used and determining one of the available energy orcumulative energy used may be equivalent to determining the other. Forexample, if the energy remaining is determined by using a batteryvoltage, the cumulative energy used need not be used.

In operation 330, the processor or process may determine an operatingframe rate that uses an amount of energy from the device power supply sothat the available energy remaining in the device power supply issufficient for completing the imaging procedure, e.g. greater than orequal to the minimal amount of energy.

The processor or process may, for example, determine a minimal amount ofenergy needed to operate the in vivo imaging device at a minimumnon-zero frame capture rate to complete a passage of the device throughat least a predetermined region of the GI tract.

Over time as images are captured along the body passageway, thecumulative energy used (in operation 310) increases and the availableenergy (in operation 320) decreases. An operating frame rate forcapturing subsequent images (or similarly the time interval till thenext frame is captured) may be selected that is estimated to use anamount of energy or depletes the available energy to maintain theminimal amount of energy reserve (in operation 300). For example, theavailable amount of energy (in operation 320) less the calculated energyfor capturing subsequent images at the operating frame rate may begreater than or equal to the minimal amount of energy (in operation300). Equivalently, the total initial energy less the calculated energyfor capturing subsequent images at the operating frame rate and less thecumulative amount of energy used (in operation 310) may be greater thanor equal to the minimal amount of energy (in operation 300). Theoperating frame rate may be the maximum allowable (upper limit) framecapture rate to maintain the energy reserve (e.g., the lower limit orminimum allowable frame capture rate may be the LFR).

In operation 340, the processor may determine an optimal frame rate. Theoptimal frame rate may be determined based on, for example, degree ofsimilarity between sequential frames, detection of pathology in frames,device speed or a degree of acceleration and/or rotation motion, color,hue, saturation, texture or patterns in images or between sequentialimages, impedance variation, pH, etc. The processor or process may, forexample, determine an operating frame rate for capturing one or moresubsequent images that uses a calculated total amount of energy from thedevice power supply, wherein the available energy remaining in thedevice power supply less (having subtracted from it) the calculatedtotal amount of energy is greater than or equal to the minimal amount ofenergy.

In operation 350, the processor or process may determine if the optimalframe rate is less than or equal to the operational frame rate. If not,a process may proceed to operation 360. If yes, the process may proceedto operation 370. The processor or process may cause an in vivo deviceor imager to operate at a certain frame rate.

In operation 360, when the optimal frame rate is greater than theoperational frame rate, an imager (e.g., imager 146 of FIG. 1) maycapture subsequent one or more images at the operational frame ratedetermined in operation 330. The operating frame rate of operation 330may define a maximum allowable frame rate. In this case, since theoptimal frame rate is greater than this upper bound operating frame rateof 330, capturing subsequent images at this optimal frame rate woulddeplete the energy reserve and should be avoided.

In operation 370, when the optimal frame rate is less than or equal tothe operational frame rate, the imager may capture subsequent one ormore images at the optimal frame rate determined in operation 340. Inthis case, since the optimal frame rate is less than or equal to theupper bound operating frame rate of 330, capturing subsequent images atthis optimal frame rate would not deplete the energy reserve.

Other operations or series of operations may be used.

It may be appreciated that although specific reference is made toregions of the body, such as the colon, small bowel, stomach, etc.,these regions are merely demonstrative and the descriptions associatedwith any or each of these regions may be interchanged or insteadassociated with other segments of a body passage of any length or otherpre-designated time intervals.

Although the particular embodiments shown and described above will proveto be useful for the many distribution systems to which the presentinvention pertains, further modifications of the present invention willoccur to persons skilled in the art. All such modifications are withinthe scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the appendedclaims.

1. A method for controlling energy consumption of an in vivo imagingdevice, the method comprising: determining a minimal amount of energyneeded to operate the in vivo imaging device at a minimum non-zero framecapture rate to complete a passage of the device through at least apredetermined region of the GI tract; determining an operating framerate for capturing one or more subsequent images that uses a calculatedtotal amount of energy from the device power supply, wherein availableenergy remaining in the device power supply less the calculated totalamount of energy is greater than or equal to the minimal amount ofenergy; and causing the in vivo device to capture one or more subsequentimages at a rate that is less than or equal to the operating frame rate.2. The method of claim 1, comprising, determining an optimal frame ratethat is less than or equal to the operating frame rate and causing thein vivo device to capture images at the optimal frame rate.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the optimal frame rate is determined based onat least one of the elements from the group consisting of degree ofsimilarity between sequential captured frames, detection of pathologiesin frames, device speed or a degree of acceleration and/or rotationmotion, color, hue, saturation, texture or patterns in images or betweensequential images, impedance variation, and pH.
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the operating frame rate is at least partially determinedbased on the anatomical region of the body where the device is located.5. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the initialuseable energy held in a power source of the device and an accumulatedamount of energy used during device operation never exceeds the amountof energy needed to continue capturing image frames until the completepassage of the device in a region of interest.
 6. The method of claim 1,comprising, determining an approximation of the cumulative amount ofenergy used during the operation of the device based on averages ofenergies used by an illumination source, imager, processor, andtransmitter and wherein the available energy remaining in the devicepower supply is calculated to be the difference between an initialavailable energy and the approximated cumulative energy used.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the operating frame rate is relatively higherwhen the device is located in a predefined region of interest than inany other region of the GI tract.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theoperating frame rate is relatively lower when the device is located inthe small bowel compared to when the device is located in the colon. 9.The method of claim 1, wherein the operating frame rate is relativelylower when the device is located in the stomach as compared to when thedevice is located in the colon or the small bowel.
 10. (canceled) 11.The method of claim 1, comprising, when the device passes from thestomach to the small bowel, increasing the operating frame rate from afirst operating frame rate to a second operating frame rate.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, comprising, when the device passes from the smallbowel to the colon, increasing the frame rate from the second operatingframe rate to a third operating frame rate.
 13. The method of claim 1,comprising repeatedly determining an operating frame rate that uses anamount of energy from the device power supply so that the availableenergy remaining in the device power supply is greater than or equal tothe minimal amount of energy and causing the in vivo device to captureimages at the operating frame rate.
 14. The method of claim 1,comprising determining a maximum duration of the complete passage of thedevice through the predetermined region of the GI tract to be imaged.15. A system for controlling energy consumption of in an in vivo imagingdevice, the system comprising: an in vivo imaging device for capturingimages of a body lumen comprising a power source; a processor todetermine a minimal amount of energy needed to operate the in vivoimaging device at a minimum non-zero frame capture rate to complete apassage of the device through at least a predetermined region of the GItract, and to determine an operating frame rate for capturing one ormore subsequent images that uses a calculated total amount of energyfrom the device power source, wherein available energy remaining in thedevice power source less the calculated total amount of energy isgreater than or equal to the minimal amount of energy; and a controllerto control a frame capture rate of the in vivo device to capture one ormore subsequent images at a rate that is less than or equal to theoperating frame rate.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the processoris to determine an optimal frame rate that is less than or equal to theoperating frame rate, and wherein the controller is to control the invivo device to capture images at the optimal frame rate.
 17. The systemof claim 15, wherein the processor is to determine a maximum duration ofthe complete passage of the device through the predetermined region ofthe GI tract to be imaged.
 18. The system of claim 15, wherein theoperating frame rate is relatively higher when the device is located ina predefined region of interest than in any other region of the GItract.
 19. The system of claim 15, wherein the processor is to determinean approximation of the cumulative amount of energy used during theoperation of the device based on averages of energies used by anillumination source, imager, processor, and transmitter and wherein theavailable energy remaining in the device power source is calculated tobe the difference between an initial available energy and theapproximated cumulative energy used.
 20. The system of claim 15, whereinthe processor is to determine the operating frame rate at leastpartially based on anatomical region of the body where the device islocated.
 21. A method comprising: determining a first amount of energyneeded to operate an vivo device at a non-zero frame capture rate tocomplete a passage of the device through a predetermined region of theGI tract; determining an operating frame rate of the in vivo device forcapturing images that uses a calculated total amount of energy from apower supply, wherein available energy remaining in the power supplyminus the total amount of energy is greater than or equal to the firstamount of energy; and capturing images at a rate that is less than orequal to the operating frame rate.